Tips for observational research
- Before beginning observation in a group, it is important for the researcher to establish a relationship with the group. They should take note of the environment, observe the participants, their actions, conversations, and interactions, and identify their names and positions. Additionally, they should be aware of the formal and informal roles adopted by the actors and observe how attention is claimed, who has power, and how it is obtained. Other important aspects to consider include identifying significant traditions, rituals, and events.
- It is crucial to document the exact wording of phrases and vocabulary used within a group during observation since they can provide valuable data for analysis, and certain terms might hold special significance.
- In order to avoid personal biases and emotions from influencing the notes taken during observation, some researchers may choose to differentiate between factual information and their own interpretations. To do this, they may organize their notes in two columns, with one column describing the events and the other column allowing them to write down their reactions, thoughts, and speculations.
- It is advisable to use pseudonyms to conceal the identities of the individuals involved in the research, unless they have given their permission in advance to use their actual names.
- Perception checking is a useful technique to ensure that conclusions drawn from observations are accurate. This involves researchers confirming with group members whether their perception of events aligns with the group's understanding. By being attentive and present, researchers can document and later analyze everyday occurrences and communication, shedding light on their significance (Allen, 2017).
- Researchers use various methods to measure behaviors, including counting and timing the occurrence of a particular behavior. The classification method used to classify observations affects the data analysis later on. There are four classification methods: nominal or categorical measures, ordinal measures, interval measures, and ratio measures. For example, nominal measures classify behaviors based on qualitative differences, such as 'walking' or 'standing', and they are counted as incidents. Ordinal measures require classification based on some sort of order, such as the level of positive facial expressions or aggression displayed. Interval measures use durations of time, such as the length of time spent talking, with two minutes being twice as long as one minute. Ratio measures are used when a time period is sampled, and the period is divided into the times when the observed behaviors do or do not occur (Jupp, 2006).
- Before doing research, ethical approval should be received from the appropriate ethical committee.
- Prior to conducting field observations, it is crucial for the researcher to contemplate any potential hazardous circumstances and formulate a plan to mitigate these risks or to notify others if they are in danger. One approach is to share details about the location and time of the fieldwork with a trusted individual or to arrange for a check-in phone call to be made at a specified time following the fieldwork, with specific procedures in place if the researcher does not make the scheduled call.